TITLE: Condom Use and the Accuracy of AIDS Knowledge In Cote d’Ivoire

AUTHOR: Sara L. Zellner

SOURCE: International FP Perspective, Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 41-47

YEAR CONDUCTED:

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: The sample for the analysis comprised of 5,653 participants (4,429 women and 1,224 men)

ABSTRACT:

Data from the 1994 Cote d’Ivoire Demographic and Health survey (DHS) were analyzed for respondents who had had sex in the 2 months before the survey.Logistic regressions were performed separately by sex to determine whether accuracy of men’s and women’s knowledge about AIDS predicted condom use at their most recent sexual intercourse. To better understand the varying degrees of AIDS Knowledge, the independent variable in this study was derived from 2 open-ended survey questions that measured the accuracy of knowledge respondents had about AIDS: l. How can one become infected with AIDS? 2. How can one avoid contracting AIDS? Individual level data were coded according to the accuracy of the participants’ responses. To examine the influence of sources of AIDS information, an independent variable was created on the basis of study participants’ responses to the question “Where did you hear about AIDS? The responses fell into seven main categories: television or radio; friends, family or neighbors; newspapers or magazines; posters or public campaigns; health clinics or health workers; spouse or partner.

Descriptive Statistics from the 1994 DHS conducted in Cote d’Ivoire reveal that when asked how HIV is contracted, 92% of men and 80% of women mentioned at least one means of sexual transmission. When asked about their inclination to use condoms, only 23% of Ivoirian men and 7% of Ivoirian women indicated they have ever used condom.

Accuracy of knowledge about AIDS did not significantly predict condom use. For male respondents, condom use at last intercourse were significantly lower among those aged 35 or older than among those aged 15-19 (0.3-0.5) including married men (0.4) and those who reported friends, family or neighbors as their only source of AIDS knowledge (0.5).Compared with uneducated men, men with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to report condom use (1.7). Among women, those aged 25 or older had significantly lower condom used at last intercourse than those aged 15-19 (0.2-0.6), significantly reduced among married women (0.2), and those who had learned about AIDS from family, friends or neighbors or from television or radio (0.3-0.6).

Although family planning and AIDS awareness programs in Africa promote the use of condoms, studies have revealed many obstacles to use. Negative attitudes about condoms are a major barrier. For many Africans, condoms suggest unfaithfulness and mistrust. Another barrier to condom use is that African men control much of the decision-making regarding sexual encounters.

TITLE: Male Sex Risk Behavior and HIV/AIDS: A Survey in Three Philippine Cities

AUTHORS: Dr. Pilar Ramos Jimenez and Dr. Romeo B. Lee

SOURCE: Male Sexual Behavior and HIV/AIDS: A Survey in Three Philippine Cities. A Published Material of the Behavior Sciences Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.

YEAR CONDUCTED: October 1999-January 2002

The objective of the survey was to assess the level of HIV/AIDS risk behavior among general population males in three major urban areas in the Philippines, particularly Quezon City, Cebu City and Davao City. Specifically, the survey sought to gather information about the men’s background characteristics, marriage and live-in partnership, sexual experiences, level of awareness, access to and use of condoms, level of awareness and experiences regarding sexually transmitted diseases, level of awareness, information, source and knowledge about transmission routes and protection against the disease as well as views about HIV/AIDS and exposure to HIV/AIDS information and intervention programs.

The survey utilized the face-to-face interview with three age categories of urban men- 15-24, 25-34 and 35-44 years old. Total samples of 3,615 men were selected with the use of two-stage cluster sampling technique, particularly random sample of clusters with probability proportional to size4. A questionnaire, which contained 103 questions, served as the survey instrument. Informed consent was sought from the respondents and the pare4nts old the respondents who were below 18 years old. The survey took place from October 1999 to January 2000. SPSS version 9 was utilized in processing and in analyzing the data.

The average age of the respondents was 31. The majority was Catholics who attended religious services regularly. They had an average of 11 years of formal education. They were highly exposed to television and radio. The majority lived with their relatives and they hardly traveled outside of their cities in the past 12 months preceding the survey. Three-fourths of the men took alcohol four weeks prior to the survey. One half had ever tried drugs, mainly marijuana. About two-thirds of the men particularly those 25 years old and above had work.

The respondents were mostly engaged in blue collar and unskilled types of occupation. Their median income was Ph P 5,000.00. One half of the men were married. Their mean age at first was 25.5. One tenth of the respondents, who were mostly unmarried, disclosed that they had live-in partners.

Generally, a great majority of Filipino urban men – particularly in the cities of Quezon, Cebu and Davao- were not at risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. The men who practiced safer sex was measured by three indicators – intercourse with sex workers or strangers, the foregoing partners without the use of condoms and multiple partners. Use of injecting drugs, one transmission route for HIV was also utilized as indicator of risky behavior.

At their first sexual experience, the sexual partner of a majority of the sexually experienced men (four fifths of the sample) was a woman who was known to them. The stability of this sexual behavior was further shown in the men’s sexual activity in the past 12 months prior to the survey. Men whose sexual partner in their coital debut was a woman they knew well continued to have sex with the same type of woman in the past 12 months. During this period, only 12.9% of the sexually active men had multiple (two or more) partners. Less than one tenth (7.1% or 175 men) had exchanged money for sex. Of this number, 154 men had paid their sexual partners while 21 men foregoing had accepted payment for sex. Over one half (89 men) of the foregoing had also engaged in unpaid sex. More men were non-users (80.7%) than users of condoms in the past 12 months, a finding that was not surprising because a majority of the men had only one sexual partner who was a woman they knew well. A majority of the men knew one or more STD symptoms but very few (45 cases or 1.2%) had STD infections in the past years. Exposure to injecting drugs was quite low at 6.1%.

Although very few men were lifetime users of condoms or were not condom users in recent months, the majority had approved the proposition that condoms should be made available and for free at the public health centers. They also approved the notion that 15-19 year old men should be allowed to produce condoms.

The men in this study had moderate to high knowledge concerning HIV transmission routes and about the means of protection from the disease. Despite these, erroneous views about the transmission modes of HIV persisted to include mosquito bites and use of facilities and equipment’s of an infected person. Bias against an infected but not yet sick student and worker also persisted. Those with better education and knowledge about HIV transmission routes were inclined to have less bias against infected persons. Few men also believed that a mother could prevent the transmission of the disease to her baby in her womb.

Over three-fourths (78.2%) of the respondents assessed that they had zero or small chance of contracting HIV.

A majority of the men had learned about the HIV/AIDS prior to the survey from television, radio and newspapers/magazines and books. They hardly discussed the disease with their spouse or with other sexual partners. More than a quarter of the men could name the organizations in their cities that provided information and services for HIV/AIDS.

Among the three categories of men, the youngest age group (15-24) exhibited substantial risky sexual behavior, which may have potentials in this category, had multiple partners and paid for sex. Although, most of the them thought that they had little or no chance of acquiring HIV, a substantial proportion among those who had several partners and who had paid for sex thought that they moderate to greater probability of acquiring HIV.

Among the three cities, Cebu and Davao had the most and least number of men with substantial risk behavior.

TITLE: Perception of Religious Leaders on Unmet Need for Family Planning by Couples: Towards Identification of Collaborative Actions

AUTHORS: Cagayan State University

SOURCE: Technical Report of the Study Perceptions of Religious Leaders on Unmet Need for Family by Couples: Towards Identification of Collaborative Actions, A Joint Project of CSU and POPCOM, Region 02.

YEAR CONDUCTED:2001

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 432 religious leaders

ABSTRACT:

The study looked into the perceptions of religious leaders on unmet needs of couples for family planning in the Cagayan Valley Region. It focused on their profile, awareness on unmet needs, the risks/damages of unmet needs on the family well-being and women’s reproductive health, the factors affecting unmet need, the church organization’s programs and activities to address unmet needs, the programs and activities to address religious leaders’ perceptions and selected profile variables, and the areas of collaboration with government, non-government and religious sectors to address unmet needs.

Data were obtained from 432 religious leaders in 12 major towns and cities in the region using a structured questionnaire. Frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviation were used to analyze the data gathered.

Findings revealed that the religious leaders possessed qualifications that make them recognize the problem of unmet need for family planning. They had moderate level of awareness of unmet need of couples to space birth or to limit the number of children.

Unmet need for family planning was perceived to result to poor nutritional status of the mother and children, unwanted/unintended pregnancies, closely spaced births and larger family size. However, religious leaders had limited knowledge of risks on induced abortions,infant mortality rate and child mortality rate. The occurrence of the risks and damages due to unmet need was assessed to be minimal among church members.

Factors related to unmet need for family planning were primarily on adverse effect on the couple’s health in their use of artificial contraceptive and the perceived risks of conceiving in the use of contraceptive method.

Religious leaders were willing and capable to support the family planning program of the government. They identified activities such as advocacy on reproductive health, family planning and responsible parenthood. They identified the Local Government Units particularly, the Rural Health Unit, the Schools and non-government organizations as collaborators to these efforts.

Religious leaders who had employment and income had higher level of awareness on the risks related to unmet needs for family planning. They also agreed more on the factors associated to unmet needs for family planning.

Moreover, religious leaders from the United Methodist Church, Roman Catholic Church, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Philippine Independent Church and Baptist Church manifested greater awareness on the extent the risks/damages were occurring among their members. In terms of their agreement on the factors affecting the unmet need for family planning, the leaders of the Church of Christ, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Iglesia ni Cristo and Roman Catholic Church possessed higher level of agreement on the factors affecting unmet need for family planning.

TITLE: The Effects of Health Education Package on the Reproductive Health, Knowledge, Beliefs, Life Skills and Behavior of In School Youth : A Comparative Study of Approaches

AUTHOR: Dr. Bethel Buena Villarta

SOURCE: Unpublished Dissertation Presented to the College of Public Health,University of the Philippines, Manila

YEAR CONDUCTED : 2001

ABSTRACT:

This paper aims to determine the knowledge, beliefs, behavioral intentions, life skills and behavioral related to RH of In-School Youth in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya, ascertain the effects of health education intervention, determine the effect of the health education intervention for parents and adolescents, to compare the effects of the health education intervention for both adolescents and parents and formulate recommendations towards the improvement of health education efforts in Adolescent Reproductive Health.

The study with a convenience sample of 240 respondents (60 Adolescents only and 60 Adolescents and parents in the EXPERIMENTAL group; 60 Adolescents Only in the CONTROL group and 60 Parents of Adolescents, were invited to attend the he training with 15 parents participating the training selected to attend the focus group discussion (FGD).

Major Findings/Key

Messages

Study participants in the experimental groups on the whole increased their post-test scores over those of their pre-test in all the outcome variables of knowledge, beliefs, behaviors and behavioral intentions on adolescent reproductive health. among the outcome variables, the most significant effect was Boy's Behavioral Intention on ARH.
The adolescents and parents group showed higher adjustment mean scores in general. the adolescents only group increased the their post-test scores in a number of subject areas but such increases lost their significance when adjusted for age and parent's occupation.
In-school youth who have OFW parents tend to have bigger knowledge on Adolescent Reproductive Health. Correlation of outcome variables show that among girls, incased ARH knowledge leads to more positive beliefs in ARH which in turn leads to positive behavioral intentions and finally lead to adoption or increased practice of ARH. Among boys, the process ends at the formation of behavioral intention.

Major conclusions:

The Health Education Package on ARH targeting adolescents and Parents is an effective strategy in promoting adolescent development through the increase in knowledge, beliefs, behaviors and behavioral intentions in adolescent health.

A five-day live out training on ARH is not sufficient to meet the objectives of the training. A three-day live training on ARH for parents of Adolescents is likewise not enough to meet the objectives of the training, there is a need for greater interaction between facilitators and adolescents as well as parents

The study proved that training the parents of Adolescents together with the adolescents will result in better learning of adolescent HR knowledge, beliefs, behaviors and behavioral intentions.

Recommendations

The education package on Adolescent Reproductive Health tested is used in the training of both adolescents and parents of adolescents.

The weaknesses identified in the health package should be strengthened.

Further studies or research be conducted on areas which the study has indicated as needing further evaluation, such as:

a. Measurement of life skills
b. Identification of other factors that may be affecting ARH knowledge, behaviors, behavioral intentions and life skills;

c. Study on the effect of various combinations of training arrangements, such as:

line-in vs live out

internal or external trainers;

type of trainer's training on the outcome variables.

TITLE: Mass Media Exposure Among Urban Youth in Nepal

AUTHOR: Shyam Thapa and Vinod Mishra

SOURCE: Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 5-28, ESCAP

YEAR CONDUCTED: 2000

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: The survey’s sampling universe included Nepal’s five largest urban areas which account for 50% of the country’s urban population.

ABSTRACT:

Respondents aged 14-22 years were selected thru stratified two-stage sampling. Fifty nine persons (11 supervisors and 48 interviewers) were assigned for the urban component of the survey. Of those, 31 were men and 28 were women. The supervisors were slightly older than the interviewers. Majority of the survey staff were students with an average of 14 years of schooling while 44% of the field staff were married.

To make the interviews gender-friendly, women interviewed female respondents and men interviewed male respondents. Household heads were interviewed by interviewers of either gender. A total of 18,311 houses were visited in all the urban sample blocks. Ninety-six percent of the selected households were successfully interviewed.

The survey questionnaire included several questions about respondents’ exposure to the mass media, including television, radio, the internet, newspapers and magazines. Separate questionnaires were designed for single males and females and married males and females.

The Nepal Adolescents and Young Adults (NAYA) Survey, conducted in 2000 has revealed that television is by far the most popular mass medium among urban Nepalese youth. About three quarters of urban young people watch television, slightly more than one third listen to radio and about one fourth read a newspaper or magazine daily. Overall, four out of five young urban Nepalese are exposed to at least one of these three media sources each day. In contrast, only about one fifth of urban youth have ever used the internet. The results indicate that the mass media have been effective in informing urban youth about social and health issues as drug addiction, HIV/AIDS, family planning, domestic violence and girl-trafficking. Television, followed by radio, is the most common source of information about contraceptive methods and HIV/AIDS among urban youth. The mass media are rarely mentioned, however, it is used as a source of information about puberty and related physical changes. About one half of all urban youth, though more females than males, learned about puberty and related physical changes on their own.

The findings underscore the need for media-based interventions aimed at reducing the wide gaps in knowledge about reproductive health issues that exist between single and married youth and between males and females.

TITLE: Increasing Male Involvement in Reproductive Health

AUTHOR: Population Council Philippines

SOURCE: Research Update, Office of Population, USAID

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1999

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 220 husbands and 226 wives aged 49 and below – 1997 baseline survey; 210 husbands and 210 wives - 1999 baseline survey

ABSTRACT:

The study aims to create sustainable strategies for increased male involvement and responsibility in matters of RH, and assess changes in men’s (or couples) RH-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.

The study employed pretest – posttest with control group design. Baseline data on intervention areas and match control areas were collected in 1997. A second baseline survey of all eligible couples in both project and control areas was conducted in 1999.

Results of the 1999 baseline survey on FP use reveal that about 20% of both husbands and wives said that they had more children than what they considered “ideal family size”. About 66% of wives and 58% of husbands said they had no desire for additional children while 28% of husbands and 19 % of wives indicated their desire to delay their next pregnancy.

Among FP users (137 wives, 140 husbands), use of male modern FP methods was remarkably low (4% condom and 0% vasectomy. Only 30% of wives reported using pills and 18% using IUD. The comparison of the 1999 and 1997 surveys indicate that in a period of 2 years, the method mix has not changed significantly.

On knowledge of STDs, results showed that only 65% of husbands and 62% of wives had heard about the common signs and symptoms of STDs. Twenty percent (20%) of husbands and 12 % of wives did not know there were diseases that could be transmitted thru sexual intercourse and a large number did not know of any common STD symptoms. Only 77% of husbands and 80% of wives stated they know how to avoid contracting AIDS.

On couples communications about RH, there is a good, but not perfect, match between couples’ responses regarding use of IUD, pills, withdrawal, DMPA, and female sterilization. A major discrepancy is on the reported use of rhythm in both the 1997 and 1999 surveys. There are also discrepancies in the use of natural family planning and withdrawal. These are responses which are cause of concern since spouses must have good communication with each other in order for these methods to be effective.

On utilization of RH services, all respondents were aware of the existence of the barangay health center. The best known services were FP, immunization, prenatal care, nutrition, and dental services. Levels of awareness were lower for STD and HIV/AIDS counseling, diagnosis and treatment of STDs, infertility services, post abortion care, and services addressing domestic violence. Respondents who knew of existing services did not utilize them for the following reasons: long waiting hours; unavailability of midwives and/or medicines; uncertainty of the clinic hours; and perceived high cost of these services. Others prefer the hilots or TBAs (traditional birth attendants).

The 1999 baseline survey findings show that 83% of husbands and 80% of wives did not seek medical assistance in the past six months despite high level of awareness of RH services. On the other hand, majority of the males (93%), expressed willingness to avail of the RH services if made available at the health centers. More than half of all couples interviewed did not want any more children. Couples were not well-informed about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS.

TITLE: Urbanization Process of Santiago City : An Analysis

AUTHOR : University of La Salette, Santiago City

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1998

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 650 household heads

ABSTRACT:

This study aimed to analyze the urbanization process of Santiago City, the variables that have significantly contributed in the process, the strategies adopted by the City Government and the prevailing problems encountered by the city as a result of urbanization.

Documentary analysis was done to obtain the necessary secondary data while a questionnaire was used to gather the needed primary data. All primary data were treated using weighted mean, frequency and percentage analysis.

Results of the study showed that Santiago City evolved from an agricultural economy with a population engaged primarily in agriculture. The urbanization process of Santiago City is characterized as cyclical. Its boom in population has been greatly attributed by a host of factors, one of which is the construction of Magat Dam in Ramon, Isabela. Because of the rapid growth of population in areas which once formed part of the city, new municipalities were created such as Ramon and San Isidro. Another factor which contributed to the urbanization of the city is its strategic location for trade, commerce and industrial activities. The rapid increase in economic activities is also one of the reasons why many respondents decided to settle in the city. The rapid increase in organizations and institutions offering facilities and services is another pull factor of the city. Peace and order is the foremost reason why respondents decided to settle in the city.

The study likewise revealed that the residents expressed general satisfaction in the City Government's delivery of essential services for its population.

While there are opportunities brought about by urbanization, urbanization has on the other hand spawned a number of problems. Respondents from the urban barangays consider drug addiction as one problem that needs serious attention. On the other hand, those from the rural barangays consider lack of housing facilities as a serious problem. Other problems attendant to the urbanization of the city are only considered somewhat less serious because these have been effectively addressed by the City Government.

TITLE: Impact of HIV and Sex Health Education on the Sexual Behavior of Young People : A Review Update

AUTHOR: UNAIDS

SOURCE: UNAIDS Best Practise Collection Key Material 1997

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1997

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 68 reports

ABSTRACT:

The study is a literature review done to assess the effects of HIV-AIDs and sexual health education on young people’s sexual behavior. This was commissioned by the Department of Policy, Strategy and Research of UNAIDS and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV-AIDS. Sixty-eight reports were reviewed.

From the review of 53 studies which evaluated specific interventions, 27 reported that HIV-AIDS and sexual health education neither increased nor decreased sexual activity and attendant rates of pregnancy and STDs. Twenty-two reported that HIV and/or sexual health education either delayed the onset of sexual activity, reduced the number of sexual partners or reduced unplanned pregnancy and STD rates.

Only three studies found increases in sexual behavior associated with sexual health education. Hence, little evidence was found to support the contention that sexual health education and promote promiscuity.

The interpretative value of his research was somewhat compromised, however, because of inadequacies in study design, analytic techniques, outcome indicators and reporting of statistics.

Future education programmes need to incorporate the features that have been associated with successful interventions in the past, as well as mechanisms by which their impact can be evaluated. Programme evaluation should be grounded in solid study design and valid appropriate statistical techniques. Gender and developmental stage of students are issues for the educator and researcher at both the design and the evaluation stages of sexual health/HIV education development.

TITLE: Profile of Transient Population in Tuguegarao, Cagayan

AUTHOR: Cagayan State University

SOURCE: Technical Report of the Study, Profile of Transient Population in Tuguegarao, Cagayan, A Joint Project of CSU and POPCOM 02

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1997

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 2366 Transients

ABSTRACT:

This study determined the reasons of transients in coming to Tuguegarao, the profile of transients according to reasons for coming to Tuguegarao and determined the frequency of their visit to Tuguegarao.

The study made use of descriptive correlational research method, utilizing questionnaire and interview technique. The survey was done in jeepneys and bus terminals where transients alight to and depart from Tuguegarao from Mondays through Sundays.

Findings revealed that most of the respondents came from areas whose terminal point is Don Domingo. Other transients were from Piat, Tuao, Sto. Nino, Rizal Conner, called PTSRC, Enrile, Solana and Tabuk. Eighty percent of them are from the barangays of far and near towns.

There were more influx of transient population in May than in other months surveyed. Most of the transients were Itawes (68%), generally young (27%), were in their secondary education (35.5%) and were Roman Catholics (85%). The transients have an almost equal distribution of male and female transients by civil status, more than half were married and most of them were farmers.

Transients came to Tuguegarao for varied reasons. Some 39% cited economic reasons, 57% for personal reasons and 1.3% for political reasons. The predominant economic reason was that they come to Tuguegarao to buy farm equipment/personal needs or sell goods.

There was no difference in the economic reason of transients when grouped according to sex, ethnicity, place of residence and day of visit. On the other hand, religious affiliation do not create a significant influence on the personal motivation of transients in coming to Tuguegarao.

Most of the transients visited Tuguegarao with regularity for 22 days. As long as Tuguegarao remains the most privilege area where bulk of economic investments are poured in and where educational, recreational and health facilities are continuously concentrated in this area, it will not cease to attract visitors both from far flung barangays and less developed towns.

TITLE: Community and Family Factors Influencing Family Migration in Urban Centers of Region 02

AUTHOR: R. C. Nayga, W. C. Medrano and J. L. Ramirez

SOURCE: Technical Report of the Study Community and Family Factors Influencing Family Migration in Urban Centers o f Region 02

YEAR CONDUCTED : 1997

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS : 379 Migrants

ABSTRACT:

The study looked into the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and their families, migration streams in urban centers if the region and determined the community and family factors relating to migration across urban areas and the effect of migration to urbanization in the region.

The study employed the descriptive research method. Purposive and cluster sampling techniques were used in identifying the respondents. In-migrants who lived in the urban area destination for the last five years were purposely selected as sample respondents. Data were obtained through personal interview using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics like mean, frequency and percentage distribution were used in describing the socio-economic and migration characteristics of the migrants. Chi-square test at 5 % and 1% levels of significance was used to test the difference between and among migrant respondents in different urban centers with respect to some characteristics under study.

Findings revealed that migrants are generally young with an average age of 25.45 years, married, female with a family size of 3 members. In general, the migrants are educated as no one failed to attend schooling, 28.23% of them are college graduates and 4.22% are graduates of vocational courses. Most of them (60.34% have permanent employment with an average monthly income of P3,482.68.

More than half of all the migrants (53.83%) migrated at their own will. Many (54.88%) migrated once, 32.72% twice while 12.40% migrated two to four times. Their migration decision was on a voluntary basis (87.86%). Most of them intend to stay permanently in the urban center where they are currently staying.

Migration is more of an intra-regional pattern, Majority (74.94%) of the migrants originated within the region while 25.06% of them came from different provinces of the other regions as near as Nueva Ecija and as far as Cotabato and Lanao in Mindanao.

Reasons cited for migrating in the urban centers include; to look for better employment and business opportunity which was personal (39.31%) and family (37.14%) Others were motivated by factors like: to desire for a change in the environment, to join love ones, educational and health motives.

On the community level, the primary factor that drove migrants away to the urban centers was the limited business and employment prospects in their place of origin (46.50%). Others reported unfavorable agro-climatic conditions (18.49%), peace and order situation (13.29%) and absence of basic services (12.21%).

Statistical tests conducted generally indicate that migrants in urban centers differ with each other in terms of their socio-economic profile, migration decision making, frequency of migration, tenure of stay, place of origin, personal, family and community factors behind migration decision. No difference among migrants was found with respect to tenure of employment and personal reason of migration.

Before and after migration analysis showed that migrants enjoyed the amenities in urban centers in terms of house ownership, availability and availment of educational, medical, security, transport, recreational, telecommunication, water supply and electric services, among others.

TITLE: The Status of Senior Citizens in Region 2: An Assessment

AUTHOR: University of La Salette, Santiago City

SOURCE: The Status of Senior Citizens in Region 2: An Assessment, A Research Project of the Commission on Population, Regional Office No. 2, Tuguegarao City

YEAR CONDUCTED:

ABSTRACT:

The elderly/aged of Region 2 are mostly Ilocanos, married with large families, mostly 60-90 years old, educated and possess skills but unemployed. They reside in semi-permanent or permanent houses, generally healthy and live active lifestyles but are generally sexually inactive.

The elderly are still strong and can take care of themselves, hence they receive less attention from the younger generation. They are treated well by their kin and househelp and most of them did not change residence since they turned 60 years old.

Elderlies' reproductive health declined with age. Female elderlies' reproductive health decline faster than males. They perceived themselves as receiving less care from the younger generation as compared to their male counterparts. Child bearing and child rearing among the married elderlies tended to put strain on their reproductive health condition.

Elderlies play multiple roles in the home such as being an adviser, mediator, housekeeper and caregiver to their children and grandchildren. They are aware of discount privileges as provided for in RA 7432. Their awareness is attributed to their membership to Senior Citizens Organization. Most of them avail of transportation discounts and sometimes avail of discounts in hotel and lodging houses, recreation centers, drugstores and restaurants.

Elderlies are most often involved in spiritual activities, sometimes in cultural and educational activities and rarely in political activities. Elderlies with more lucrative source of income tended to be more active.

Suggestions emanating from the elderlies to improve their welfare include, full implementation of RA 7432 particularly on the discount privileges, establishment of drugstore exclusive for them, free hospitalization, establishment of a separate office for senior citizens and provision of financial assistance to senior citizens organizations.

TITLE: The Status of Women of Two Generations: A Comparative Analysis

AUTHOR: Herita O. Macarubbo

SOURCE : The Status of Women of Two Generations : A Comparative Analysis - Unpublished Thesis Presented to the St. Louis College of Tuguegarao

YEAR CONDUCTED : 19

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 572 mothers

ABSTRACT:

This study aimed to determine the changes in the status of women in two generations. Specifically, it looked into socio-economic and demographic profile of women in the first and second generation at present in terms of age, age at marriage, educational attainment, occupation, income and number of children. The study looked into changes in the status of women in the first and second generation relative to age at marriage, educational attainment, occupation, income and participation in community affairs; determined the perceived factors and institutions that contributed to the changes in the status of women and assessed the difference between the status of women in the first and second generation.

The study made use of descriptive method using the questionnaire to gather data from 572 (286 mothers and 286 daughters) married women from 14 selected municipalities of the Province of Cagayan. To analyze the data, frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test and Z-test for independent samples were used.

Findings revealed that the average age of women in the first generation is 56.85 years while that of women in the second generation is 33.3 years resulting to age difference of 23.55 years. The average age at marriage of women in the first generation is 21.98 while that of women in the second generation is 22.51 years. A big proportion of women (44.76%) in the first generation reached elementary level while there are more women in the second generation who have college degrees (47.21%). Women in the first generation are mostly engaged in house keeping, business and are government employees while the second generation are mostly government employees. There are more housewives in the first generation (32.52%) than in the second generation (20.63%). There are more women in the second generation with own income. Women in the second generation earn P 590.00 more than the women of the first generation. The average number of children in the first generation is 7.31 while the women in the second generation bear less children by an average of 4.69 compared to the women in the first generation.

Women in the first generation married earlier by about six (6) months. Women in the second generation have a higher level of educational attainment as 47.21 percent obtained a college degree in contrast to 25.17 percent in the first generation. Majority of the women in the first generation are housewives while more women in the second generation are engaged in gainful occupation. Women in the first generation stressed the need to have their own income while the women in the second generation want to fulfill their career. Women in the second generation earned P 590.00 more than the first generation. There were more women in the second generation who had their own income and decided by themselves the disposition and utilization of their own income. Women in the second generation spend their income for children's need while the women in the first generation spend their income for household needs. Women in the first generation participated "always" as leaders in womens' organization as well as in development activities. On the other hand, women in the second generation were constrained to participate in community affairs due to household chores and child care. Their involvement in community affairs and in womens' organizations was limited to being members.

The person that influenced the women in the first generation in their decision regarding their educational attainment and to /married was "father". The "mother" influenced the decision of women in the first generation in the choice of occupation while both "father and mother" influ/d their participation in com/ty affairs and disposition and utilization of their income. On the other hand, second genera/ of women attributed to the "mother" their decision to ger married and educational attainment. they likewise attribute the c/e of while their.

On the other hand, second generation of women attributed to the "mother" their decision to get married and educational attainment. They likewise attribute the choice of occupation and utilization and disposition of their income to themselves while their friends in/nced their participation in community affairs.

In terms of institutions that affected the changes in the status of the women in two generations, both generations cited family that affected their educational attainmnet, community participation, utilization and disposition of their income and choice of occupation. The first generation women however, cited school and values as factors that affected their decision to get married while media, state policies and norms were cited by second generation of women.

Changes in the status of women between the first and second generation are very evident. Women in the first generation married earlier, have lower educational attainment, worked with in the home, earned less and participated more frequently in community affairs.

On the other hand, women in the second generation married later, have higher educational attainment, worked outside the home, earned more and participated less in community affairs.

In this study, the "mother" (first generation) influenced the age at marriage, education and choice of occupation of daughters (second generation). This finding parallels the assumption made by the that "the mother is a major determinant in the socialization process which initially takes place with in the family and that the mother wields a lasting influence on the children".

This finding was likewise corroborated by King and Domingo who under scored that the role of women in social development is very eminent in the next generation. King and Domingo's study showed that the mother's education affected the age at marriage, occupation and like wise had a large degree of influence over her children's education, marriage and jobs.

Significant difference in the status of women in both generations was noted along educational attainment, occupation and limitations to participate in community affairs. There was no significant differences between the women in the first and second generation in terms of age at marriage, income, frequency and mode of participation in community affairs, involvement and mode of involvement in women's organizations, involvement in development activities and development activities involved in.

TITLE: Determinants of Rural Development Participation of Agrarian Reform Women Beneficiaries in Eleven Selected Agrarian Reform Communities

AUTHOR : Gloria M. de Peralta, Ph. D

SOURCE : Determinants of Rural Development Participation of Agrarian Reform Women Beneficiaries in Eleven Selected Agrarian Reform Communities - Unpublished Dissertation Presented to the Cagayan State University

YEAR CONDUCTED :

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 230 Agrarian Reform Women Beneficiaries

ABSTRACT:

The study was conducted to determine the factors that affect the rural development participation of Agrarian Reform Women Beneficiaries in eleven selected Agrarian Reform Communities in Region 02.It looked into the description of the demographic, social, cultural and economic attributes of women in ARCs, level of participation of women beneficiaries in the different ARC program interventions, the economic effects of the interventions to the women beneficiaries and the correlations between the socio-demographic characteristics and the participation of women in the ARC interventions.

Findings revealed that women farmers were middle-aged (mean-42.17), had an average of 4.05 children in the family, obtained elementary, high school and college education. Women farmers favorable considered home and family as their priority while farming is only secondary. Women's husbands are farmers, as tenants (40.00%) and land owner (57.83%). Mean farm income was Ph P 24,328.13 in 1998 cropping season.

There is little participation of women in the different government programs in the community. Their participation was in the form of being "a recipient" and a "contributor". As recipients, they availed of goods and services from government like trainings, technical, credit and marketing assistance, basic social services support, like health and nutrition, education, water supply and livelihood projects.

As contributors, they participated in the different community organizations as members of the cooperatives. They involved themselves in farm activities as well as in the community. They were engaged in light farm activities like sowing, pulling, transplanting, weeding, drying and marketing. They also attended meetings, representing ARB household. However, they could not commit and participate in decision making as the husband decide on hard issues raised in the community.

The participation of women in government interventions in the ARCs had contributed in the development of the ARC. It had improved the well being of the family through the basic social services program. It had also increased production and income of the farmers, thus their economic status and capability to send their children for higher education.

Factors affecting participation of women in the community include age, education, marital status, number of children and income. Younger women tended to be more active in community endeavors. Older women tended to participate less in the organization where they belong. Women with higher education can grasp/understand easily the technologies and farm procedures and can easily relate with people and have access to resources. Married women with more children are more active in farming activities while women with higher income preferred to stay home and take care of their children.

TITLE: Job Status and Job Performance of Policewomen in Region 02

AUTHOR: Remedios Masuli-Perdido

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS : 134 Policewomen

YEAR CONDUCTED :

ABSTRACT:

The study aimed to determine the job status of policewomen, their working conditions and job performance.

The descriptive-correlational method of research was used in the study. Data needed in the study were gathered through the use of questionnaire and supplemented with interviews and documentary analysis. Data were treated using frequency counts, mean and percentage distribution. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson Moment Correlation were used to establish relationships between and among the variables.

Findings revealed that most of the policewomen respondents have a rank of Police Officer and are assigned to do administrative work. Of the 134 respondents, 77 are assigned in the Municipal Police Stations, 44 in the Police Regional Office, 10 at the police Provincial Offices and only 3 at the Police Mobile Force.

Almost all (96.26%) enjoy security of tenure as they have permanent status of appointment. The length of service of the policewomen ranged from less than 5 years to more than 25 years with 50.75% of them with less than 5 years. The study also revealed that most of the respondents have not enjoyed any promotion yet while in the service. Their chance for promotion is not more than twice in 10 years.

The policewomen harbor the most favorable assessment of their relationships with their co-workers. The least favorable assessment is on the implementation of police personnel policies and the physical conditions of the workplace.

In terms of job performance, most of the respondents (48.15%) were given a rating of 76-80. Their perceptions on their working conditions are similar when grouped according to rank, nature of work, place of assignment, length of service and frequency of promotion.

On the other hand, in terms of their performance rating, the study found out that the higher the rank, the longer the length of service and the more frequency of promotion, the higher is the performance.

TITLE: Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage in Java, Indonesia

AUTHOR: Rini Savitridina

SOURCE: Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Volume 12, Number 2, June 1997

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1991

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 5,816 Ever Married Women Aged 25-49 years old

ABSTRACT:

The study aimed to determine the consequences of early marriage in Java, Indonesia. Specifically, the study looked into the determinants of early marriage, the patterns of early marriage by current residence and the consequences of early marriage on marital dissolution, work status and occupation, migration patterns and use of contraception. The study is a result of secondary analysis from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey undertaken in 1991.

Findings revealed that seventy percent of ever-married women in Java married early (before age 20). Almost eighty percent of ever-married women in Java who were brought up in villages married early. Women with lower education married early. Seventy-four percent of Muslim women in Java married early. Women with no access to any of the mass media were more likely to have married early compared with those who had access to more media. Illiterate women married earlier than those who were literate. The husband’s education generally exceeds that of the women respondents. Women were more likely to have married early when their husbands worked in the agricultural sector.

One-third of all women who have married early experienced dissolution of their first marriage, was less likely to use contraception and was less mobile than women who married late.

Early marriage among women in Java, Indonesia is most pronounced in rural areas. Education, work status before marriage, husband’s education and current residence are predictors for early marriage. The highest probability for women marrying early can be found among the uneducated, unemployed and rural women whose husbands had some primary education. Women who marry early are quite likely to have their first marriage dissolved, less likely to use contraception and less mobile.

TITLE: Impact of HIV and Sex Health Education on the Sexual Behavior of Young People : A Review Update

AUTHOR: UNAIDS

SOURCE : UNAIDS Best Practise Collection Key Material 1997

YEAR CONDUCTED : 1997

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 68 Reports

ABSTRACT:

The study is a literature review done to assess the effects of HIV-AIDS and sexual health education on young people’s sexual behavior. This was commissioned by the Department of Policy, Strategy and Research of UNAIDS and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV-AIDS. Sixty-eight reports were reviewed.

The interpretative value of his research was somewhat compromised, however, because of inadequacies in study design, analytic techniques, outcome indicators and reporting of statistics.

TITLE: A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills of Provincial and Municipal Population Workers in Region 02

AUTHOR: Antonio A. Portabes

SOURCE: Technical Report of the Study entitled, A study of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills of Provincial and Municipal Population Workers in Region 02

YEAR CONDUCTED : 1997

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS : 70 Provincial and Municipal Population Program Workers

ABSTRACT:

The study looked into the socio-demographic characteristics of Provincial and Municipal Population Workers, assessed their level of knowledge, attitudes and skills and the technical assistance extended by POPCOM. It also categorized the activities of the PPOs and MPOs in the implementation of the population program, assessed their job satisfaction and identified the major problems encountered in the implementation of the population program.

The study utilized the descriptive research method with the questionnaire as the primary gathering tool. Purposive sampling was used in the identification of respondents.

Findings showed that 90 percent of the Population Workers were women and 10 percent were men. Of these, about 72 percent were either married or widowers and only 18 percent were single. Majority (87 percent) of them were college graduates in social work, commercial sciences, education, agriculture, midwifery and nursing. Most (74 percent) of them were designated and they performed functions not directly related to the population program. The population workers have been serving for an average of 3.5 years, 61 percent were Ilocanos and most of them (73 percent) were either Roman Catholics and Methodist.

Most of the respondents had an average knowledge on demography, family size, marriage practices, responsible parenthood, family planning and population development. Their level of knowledge on these areas did not differ from province to province. Majority of the respondents had positive attitudes towards the program in general. The population workers were generally satisfied in their job as population workers, in their relationship with peers and in dealing with their clients. In addition, majority of the population workers were familiar with the expected activities as population workers. The population workers also claimed that they possessed adequate skills to implement the population program . They claimed that their knowledge, skills and attitudes on the population program improved after attending trainings conducted by POPCOM. However, they reported that the population program was just slightly implemented in their area of responsibility.

The problems identified by the respondents in the implementation of the population program include lack of funding, absence of a full time population worker, lack of logistics (IEC materials, office space, vehicle), absence of a mechanism for regular coordination and monitoring with the partner agencies and Provincial Population Officer .

TITLE: Contraception Among Adolescents in Bangladesh

AUTHORS: M. Mazharul Islam and Mamun Mahmud

SOURCE: Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Volume 10, Number 1, March 1995

YEAR CONDUCTED : 1988-1989

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 11,906 Ever married Under 50 years old

ABSTRACT:

The study sought to determine contraception among adolescents in Bangladesh. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the contraceptive behavior of adolescents. The study made use of the survey and data were taken from the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey. A total of 11,906 ever married under 50 years old were the respondents in the study.

Findings revealed that knowledge of contraceptives is almost universal among both adolescents and adults in Bangladesh. Almost all (99.5%) of adolescents were aware of certain family planning methods.

Only 26.3 percent of the adolescents had ever used any contraceptive method. Oral pills accounted for the highest percentage of method ever used by married adolescents. Rhythm or Safe Period method was the most popular among the traditional methods ever used by married adolescents (6.3%).

Contraceptive prevalence Rate is only 15.3 percent among adolescents. Older family members were perceived as the most hostile to the use of family planning (28.6 percent).

Eighty percent of the non-user adolescents would prefer oral pills as their contraceptive method in the future. Only 29.4 percent of the adolescent who wanted no more children were practicing contraception.

Education, participation in Family Planning decision-making, frequency of visits of Family Planning Workers and region of residence influence the current use of contraceptive methods of married adolescents.

Wives of husbands employed in sales, services or production sections were 1.5 times more likely to practice contraception than are young wives of agricultural laborers or farmers. There is higher prevalence of contraceptive use among adolescents who have electrical power in their households as compared with those having no such facility.

Based from the findings, there is a wide gap between knowledge and use of contraception among married adolescents. Low contraceptive use among married adolescents may be attributed to education, religiosity, social conservatives, husband-wife communication, occupation and economic condition. Traditional method of contraception account for a substantial proportion of contraceptive use among married adolescents. Education is positively associated with contraceptive use. Frequent visits by Family Planning Workers greatly affect the contraceptive use rate among married adolescents. Most of the obstacles to using Family Planning among married adolescents come from older family members and husbands.

TITLE: Adolescent Fertility in the Regions

AUTHORS: Corazon M. Raymundo and Cecilia M. Ruiz

SOURCE: Philippine Population Journal, Volume 1, Number 4, December 985

YEAR CONDUCTED: 1982

NUMBER/TYPE OF RESPONDENTS: 5,204 Married and Unmarried Women 15-24 years old

ABSTRACT :

The study was conducted to provide baseline data on adolescent fertility in the regions, specifically to determine attitudes of adolescents towards fertility and fertility-related issues, courtship and dating patterns, incidence of and circumstances surrounding pre-marital sex experience and differentials in pre-marital sex experience. The respondents of the study were married and unmarried women 15-24 years old. The generation data was done through interviews and respondents were identified through multi-stage cluster stratified sampling.

Findings revealed that generally, adolescents consider virginity very important prior to marriage. Adolescents disapprove pre-marital sex and would not consider abortion as a solution to pre-marital pregnancy.

Women in the regions favor an age at marriage 23-25 years with desired husbands 2-3 years their senior. Once married, women in the regions want to have their first baby right away.

Timing of first sex is almost the same for all regions that happened at around 18 years of age. Majority of the girls who engaged in pre-marital sex experienced it after quitting school. First pre-marital sex occurred either in the partner’s home or a friend’s home. Women who had ever lived in urban areas were definitely more experienced in pre-marital sex. More regions have higher pre-marital sex level among women with lower ambition for education. The less educated ones (elementary educated) are twice more experienced than the college educated. Lower incidence of pre-marital sex is reported by those who are attended religious services. Girls who are nurtured by both natural parents seem to be able to maintain their virginity longer than those who have been single are parented. Girls with stepparents were more asexually active than those without. Majorities of Filipino women have had some experiences in boy-girl relationship before reaching age 24.

Adolescents value virginity prior to marriage but approve of pre-marital sex in the name of love. Adolescents against abortion both as a contraceptive method and as a way of resolving of pre-marital pregnancy. First pre-marital sex occurred in the partner’s home or a friend’s home. Type of residents, education, religion and socialization are variables that determine pre-marital sex experiences of adolescents.

Based on the findings of the study, there is a need for concerted efforts towards reduction of the harmful effects of youthful sexual activities. There is also a need for service-oriented approaches to the problem of adolescent fertility.

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	line-in vs live out
	internal or external trainers;
	type of trainer's training on the outcome variables.